Another note on Anger from Seneca.

How often we seem to grow angry with Clodius for banishing Cicero, with Antony for killing him! Who is not aroused against the arms which Marius took up, against the proscription which Sulla used? Who is not incensed against Theodotus and Achillas, and the child himself who dared an unchildish crime? Singing sometimes stirs us, and quickened rhythm, and the well-known blare of the War-god's trumpets; our minds are perturbed by a shocking picture and by the melancholy sight of punishment even when it is entirely just; in the same way we smile when others smile, we are saddened by a throng of mourners, and are thrown into a ferment by the struggles of others. Such sensations, however, are no more anger than that is sorrow which furrows the brow at sight of a mimic shipwreck, no more anger than that is fear which thrills our minds when we read how Hannibal after Cannae beset the walls of Rome, but they are all emotions of a mind that would prefer not to be so affected; they are not passions, but the beginnings that are preliminary to passions. So, too, the warrior in the midst of peace, wearing now his civilian dress, will prick up his ears at the blast of a trumpet, and army horses are made restive by the clatter of arms. It is said that Alexander, when Xenophantus played the flute, reached for his weapons. None of these things which move the mind through the agency of chance should be called passions; the mind suffers them, so to speak, rather than causes them. Passion, consequently, does not consist in being moved by the impressions that are presented to the mind, but in surrendering to these and following up such a chance prompting.

Among faithful Catholics, for whom the confession of sins to a priest is necessary for salvation, there is an issue known as scrupulosity. This is the process of constant self-judgment and self-recrimination which can drive a person insane if it goes too far.

Now, whether the Catholic Church, by mandating confession, sets people up for this sort of mental disorder is beside the point. If you look at manuals on how to make a good confession, scrupulosity is often addressed, and the would-be penitent reminded that they do not have to confess, as sins, those fleeting thoughts and emotions which enter their minds in response to external stimuli.

The sin is not a sudden feeling or thought. The sin is acting upon the sudden feeling or thought.

***

I've noticed that the comments have dropped off as I've pushed this particular piece of Seneca's, and I'm going to turn to something else soon. But there are at least two reasons I want to work with this one.

The first is straightforward enough. I think Seneca is right about the passions in general and anger particularly. When I was growing up, when a family member would fly off the handle and go on a screaming fit, it would be attributed to their "Italian temper." Later on in life, I heard the same things about "Irish tempers" and "Polish tempers." On a similar note, I've heard the following reasons given for drunkenness: Irish, Polish, German, Italian, Russian, Japanese, Korean. I conclude that people simply like making excuses for their bad behavior. (It's worth noting that in almost every case, the individuals in question were American, at least according to their passports.) I don't want to be that way. 

The second is that anger, as I've written before, our society is designed to lead us about by our passions. PR men, advertisers, and political hacks use the instincts toward rage, fear, lust and sociability to overcome our reasoning minds and lead us toward whatever behaviors they like. They use tv shows, commercials, memes, and social media tricks like "Downvotes" and "Like buttons." And we end up like cattle, led to despise certain groups and behaviors, support this or that candidate, and repeat the words of others instead of thinking our own thoughts.

Just a few minutes ago, I looked at Facebook, and I saw the following "conversation." One woman posted a lengthy account purporting to be the story of a man who received the coronavirus vaccine and had a very bad adverse reaction. Another woman commented "I am grateful to have received my vaccine this week. Trust the science." Now, "Trust the science" is not even grammatical, since "The science" is not a discrete thing, preferably a person, in which one can place trust and distrust. Moreover, I can guarantee that the woman who insisted that we "trust the science" has not spent so much as 30 seconds looking at or considering any of the scientific research around the vaccine, nor would she even be able to do so if she wanted to. And, of course, the words "Trust the science" are not her own. It's a slogan which was probably cooked up by the kinds of think-tanks whose job it is to produce easily-marketable talking points. She either heard it on TV or read it on the internet somewhere.

Of course, the first woman is just as guilty. Her part in the conversation consisted of re-posting someone else's words, verbatim, without comment. Does she have her own thoughts on them? Who knows. In both cases, you have human beings acting not even like animals, because animals at least make their own yowls, cries and growls. They're acting, instead, like robots. When you were a kid, did you ever turn two wind-up toys loose on the kitchen floor, to try to get them to "fight" each other? That's virtually all that most of us are these days. Little toys, wound up and set against each other by people with the minds of children. 

In the name of God, let's try and be better than that! "If you can control yourself, no one else can control you."
 More Seneca:

 
There can be no doubt that anger is aroused by the direct impression of an injury; but the question is whether it follows immediately upon the impression and springs up without assistance from the mind, or whether it is aroused only with the assent of the mind.
 
Our opinion is that it ventures nothing by itself, but acts only with the approval of the mind. For to form the impression of having received an injury and to long to avenge it, and then to couple together the two propositions that one ought not to have been wronged and that one ought to be avenged - this is not a mere impulse of the mind acting without our volition. The one is a single mental process, the other a complex one composed of several elements; the mind has grasped something, has become indignant, has condemned the act, and now tries to avenge it. These processes are impossible unless the mind has given assent to the impressions that moved it.

Maybe we can remember this, and be slower to wrath when YouTube or the television gives us the impression of a vicarious injury. 


 Seneca describes our age of Facebook politics:

 

Reason grants a hearing to both sides, then seeks to postpone action, even its own, in order that it may gain time to sift out the truth; but anger is precipitate. Reason wishes the decision that it gives to be just; anger wishes to have the decision which it has given seem the just decision. Reason considers nothing except the question at issue; anger is moved by trifling things that be outside the case. An overconfident demeanour, a voice too loud, boldness of speech, foppishness in dress, a pretentious show of patronage, popularity with the public - these inflame anger. Many times it will condemn the accused because it hates his lawyer; even if the truth is piled up before its very eyes, it loves error and clings to it; it refuses to be convinced, and having entered upon wrong it counts persistence to be more honourable than penitence.

 
More Seneca:

Aristotle says a that certain passions, if one makes a proper use of them, serve as arms. And this would be true if, like the implements of war, they could be put on and laid aside at the pleasure of the user. But these "arms" which Aristotle would grant to virtue fight under their own orders; they await no man's gesture and are not possessed, but possess. Nature has given to us an adequate equipment in reason; we need no other implements
 
I'm always happy to see anyone criticizing Aristotle
 A final note from Seneca's On Anger, to say farewell to 2020:

"It is impossible", says Theophrastus, "for a good man not to be angry with bad men." According to this, the better a man is, the more irascible he will be; on the contrary, be sure that none is more peaceable, more free from passion, and less given to hate. Indeed, what reason has he for hating wrong-doers, since it is error that drives them to such mistakes? But no man of sense will hate the erring; otherwise he will hate himself. Let him reflect how many times he offends against morality, how many of his acts stand in need of pardon; then he will be angry with himself also. For no just judge will pronounce one sort of judgement in his own case and a different one in the case of others. No one will be found, I say, who is able to acquit himself, and any man who calls himself innocent is thinking more of witnesses than conscience. How much more human to manifest toward wrong-doers a kind and fatherly spirit, not hunting them down but calling them back! If a man has lost his way and is roaming across our fields, it is better to put him upon the right path than to drive him out.

Reflecting on the year just past, I find myself greatly tempted to anger with my fellow Americans. I can't figure out how it's possible to believe that what one sees on the television is real, or not to realize that major media corporations manipulate the mind and emotions of their viewers on purpose. At my worst, I want to start screaming at people for behaving little better than cattle.

This is precisely the behavior that Seneca would have me avoid. And isn't he right? Haven't I been equally as foolish? Don't I need pardon from time to time, and, given that, hadn't I better offer it to others-- even if it seems that they've deliberately replaced their brains with the voice of Don Lemon? And if they are acting like cattle-- can you blame a cow for being a cow? 

While the TV news has been terrible, 2020 has been, for me, one of the best years of my life, and I'm sorrow to see it go. Thank you to everyone who has been reading and commenting on this blog. See you next year, everybody!
More On Anger:

"Anger is profitable," it is said, "because it makes men more warlike." By that reasoning, so is drunkenness too; for it makes men forward and bold, and many have been better at the sword because they were the worse for drink. By the same reasoning you must also say that lunacy and madness are essential to strength, since frenzy often makes men more, powerful. But tell me, does not fear, in the opposite way, sometimes make a man bold, and does not the terror of death arouse even errant cowards to fight? But anger, drunkenness, fear, and the like, are base and fleeting incitements and do not give arms to virtue, which never needs the help of vice; they do, however, assist somewhat the mind that is otherwise slack and cowardly.

If we need to rely on wrath and provocation to enter into any conflict, even if the conflict is worth fighting, the mere fact that we would not have entered into it without the aid of anger proves that we are-- by Seneca's standards-- "slack and cowardly."

More from Seneca On Anger:

"Good men are made angry by the injuries of those they love."

When you say this, Theophrastus, you seek to make more heroic doctrine unpopular - you turn from the judge to the bystanders. Because each individual grows angry when such a mishap comes to those he loves, you think that men will judge that what they do is the right thing to be done; for as a rule every man decides that that is a justifiable passion which he acknowledges as his own. But they act in the same way if they are not well supplied with hot water, if a glass goblet is broken, if a shoe gets splashed with mud. Such anger comes, not from affection, but from a weakness - the kind we see in children, who will shed no more tears over lost parents than over lost toys. To feel anger on behalf of loved ones is the mark of a weak mind, not of a loyal one. For a man to stand forth as the defender of parents, children, friends, and fellow-citizens, led merely by his sense of duty, acting voluntarily, using judgement, using foresight, moved neither by impulse nor by fury - this is noble and becoming.


Can we do this? Is it really possible? 



 More from Seneca On Anger:

Anger, therefore, is not expedient even in battle or in war; for it is prone to rashness, and while it seeks to bring about danger, does not guard against it. The truest form of wisdom is to make a wide and long inspection, to put self in subjection, and then to move forward slowly and in a set direction.

When I see people-- or  myself-- fly off the handle during (say) a confrontation over politics on social media, I wonder, what is the point? I don't mean that in a rhetorical way. I mean, literally-- when you become angry and shout at someone on the internet or elsewhere, what were you actually trying to accomplish? And did you manage to do so?

By way of illustrating the point, let me tell an embarrassing story. 

Upon a time, my cell phone was not turning on and I thought it was broken, so I went to the Verizon store. I was very quickly cornered by a sales guy who used a series of psychological tactics to get me to spend a bunch of money on a new phone. I would not be surprised if the guy had learned some kind of hypnosis or neurolinguistic programming. He got under my skin immediately, put me in an awkward and insecure position, and then got me to spend a bunch of money. I left feeling dazed and, if I may be honest, rather emasculated, like I'd lost a boxing match. Except worse, because I have lost boxing matches, and afterward felt like I'd kept my dignity and given a good accounting of myself. Now I just felt like a fool. 

Over the next two days, two things happened. First, I quickly discovered-- not at all to my surprise-- that my old phone worked just fine. Second, I broke the new phone by dropping it on the floor.

At that point I was furious, and decided that the state of fury was a perfectly fine time to go back to the Verizon store and demand my money back. 

The result?

I was kicked out of the store within 2 minutes, nor did I at any time get one penny back of the money I spent on the new phone. 

Sometimes we have to fight. When that happens, neither anger nor any of the other passions are any kind of aid. 
More from Seneca, On Anger:

May virtue be spared the calamity of having reason ever flee for help to vice! It is impossible for the mind to find here a sure repose; shattered and storm-tossed it must ever be if it depends upon its worst qualities to save it, if it cannot be brave without being angry, if it cannot be industrious without being greedy, if it cannot be quiet without being afraid - such is the tyranny under which that man must live who surrenders to the bondage of any passion.

I had a situation recently where I had to confront someone-- an extremely unpleasant individual, who I dislike immensely. When I think about this person, I'm stunned at how a human being could let themselves become so vicious, and so needlessly cruel. And yet, during the confrontation, I lost my temper, and the whole thing degenerated into a shouting match. What did that accomplish?

That's the sort of thing Seneca is talking about, here. We should be able to be brave without anger; and work hard without being greedy; and be quiet when it is appropriate, not because we are intimidated into silence.  

It's easier said than done!
 More On Anger:

Again, anger embodies nothing useful, nor does it kindle the mind to warlike deeds; for virtue, being self- sufficient, never needs the help of vice. Whenever there is need of violent effort, the mind does not become angry, but it gathers itself together and is aroused or relaxed according to its estimate of the need; just as when engines of war hurl forth their arrows, it is the operator who controls the tension with which they are hurled.

I'm reminded of a story of a samurai sent to execute a traitorous lord. As the samurai raised his sword to strike, the lord spat in his face. The samurai sheathed his sword, bowed, and departed-- unwilling to kill in anger.

For Seneca, even when we have to fight-- as we sometimes do-- anger is no help at all. It overwhelms us and directs our actions in altogether unhelpful ways; in battle it is "as useless as the soldier who disregards the order to retreat.

The useful soldier will be one who knows how to obey orders; the passions are as bad subordinates they are leaders.
As I mentioned yesterday, I want to take some time now to go through Seneca's essay On Anger

Let's start by getting an idea of his approach. What is the problem with anger, that we need a whole essay to discuss it? The answer is simple:
 
 
No plague has cost the human race more dear. You will see bloodshed and poisoning, the vile countercharges of criminals, the downfall of cities and whole nations given to destruction, princely persons sold at public auction, houses put to the torch, and conflagration that halts not within the city-walls, but makes great stretches of the country glow with hostile flame. Behold the most glorious cities whose foundations can scarcely be traced - anger cast them down. Behold solitudes stretching lonely for many miles without a single dweller - anger laid them waste. Behold all the leaders who have been handed down to posterity as instances of an evil fate - anger stabbed this one in his bed, struck down this one amid the sanctities of the feast, tore this one to pieces in the very home of the law and in full view of the crowded forum, forced this one to have his blood spilled by the murderous act of his son, another to have his royal throat cut by the hand of a slave, another to have his limbs stretched upon the cross. 
 
Anger is a passion, a term not much in use these days. The passions are the lowest of the emotional drives, the sort of experiences that we share with reptiles: terror, wrath, lust, hunger. Their chief characteristic is that once we are really caught in them, they have no object. One consumed by hunger wants food, not this or that food; one consumed by terror wants to flee; one consumed by lust wants an orgasm; one consumed by anger wants to destroy. If you thought of the "four fs" of the sympathetic nervous system-- flee, fighting, freezing and, er, mating-- you're not too far off. 

For the Stoics, the problem with passions is that they overwhelm the reason. Once we're caught in them, we can no longer control ourselves, and the central point of Stoicism is precisely to maintain control over the only thing that you really can control-- yourself. 

As I look around the world of my own experience, I find that it seems as if both anger and fear-- and lust, for that matter-- have been given reign over everything. If you don't agree with me, check your Facebook feed, or the comments section of a popular "news" site. If there isn't currently a fight going on about news or politics you will find that it is very easy to start one. Now, watch as previously rational people-- often friends and family members-- descend into wrath and make the best impression they can of apes that have learned to type. 

What is Seneca's approach to anger? Should we try to control it, channel it into constructive uses, even congratulate ourselves for our "righteous indignation"?

By no means.
In the first place, it is easier to exclude harmful passions than to rule them, and to deny them admittance than, after they have been admitted, to control them; for when they have established themselves in possession, they are stronger than their ruler and do not permit themselves to be restrained or reduced. In the second place, Reason herself, to whom the reins of power have been entrusted, remains mistress only so long as she is kept apart from the passions: if once she mingles with them and is contaminated, she becomes unable to hold back those whom she might have cleared from her path. For when once the mind has been aroused and shaken, it becomes the slave of the disturbing agent. There are certain things which at the start are under our control, but later hurry us away by their violence and leave us no retreat.

To indulge in wrath, for Seneca, is like an alcoholic having "just one drink." It doesn't work, because the first drink leads to the second, the second to the third, and now the reasoning mind is overwhelmed by the passions. 
The best course is to reject at once the first incitement to anger, to resist even its small beginnings, and to take pains to avoid falling into anger.

But how shall we do this? 

Come back tomorrow, and we'll find out. 
Seneca's conclusion to De Providentia is difficult and quite foreign to the modern reader. I was going to leave it out and go on to something else, but I feel like that would be cheating. We've come this far with Seneca; let's make it to the end.

Speaking on God's behalf, Seneca writes:

Above all, I have taken pains that nothing should keep you here against your will; the way out lies open. If you do not choose to fight, you may run away. Therefore of all things that I have deemed necessary for you, I have made nothing easier than dying. I have set life on a downward slope: if it is prolonged, only observe and you will see what a short and easy path leads to liberty. I have not imposed upon you at your exit the wearisome delay you had at entrance. Otherwise, if death came to a man as slowly as his birth, Fortune would have kept her great dominion over you. Let every season, every place, teach you how easy it is to renounce Nature and fling her gift back in her face. In the very presence of the altars and the solemn rites of sacrifice, while you pray for life, learn well concerning death. The fatted bodies of bulls fall from a paltry wound, and creatures of mighty strength are felled by one stroke of a man's hand; a tiny blade will sever the sutures of the neck, and when that joint, which binds together head and neck, is cut, the body's mighty mass crumples in a heap. No deep retreat conceals the soul, you need no knife at all to root it out, no deeply driven wound to find the vital parts; death lies near at hand. For these mortal strokes I have set no definite spot; anywhere you wish, the way is open. Even that which we call dying, the moment when the breath forsakes the body, is so brief that its fleetness cannot come within the ken. Whether the throat is strangled by a knot, or water stops the breathing, or the hard ground crushes in the skull of one falling headlong to its surface, or flame inhaled cuts off the course of respiration, be it what it may, the end is swift. Do you not blush for shame?  You dread so long what comes so quickly!

Yes, he's saying exactly what he seems to be saying. If it gets too bad, you can always kill yourself. Earlier on, he had praised the courage of Cato, who took his own life rather than fall into the hands of Juilius Caesar.

How do you react to this? 

My first instinct was simply to recoil, and shake my head at the horror of an earlier age.

After that I tried to argue with Seneca. Can suicide ever be right? No, I thought-- not if the duty to live is a higher moral duty. If God has given us a life, it's an act of impiety and ingratitude to refuse to see it to the end. It seemed to me that Seneca's earlier advice on bearing suffering was much better than this-- let us rather have the fortitude to bear the life we have been given, than to retreat like a coward into a death chosen rather by ourselves than by the gods.

We have a moral duty to see our lives to the end, and not to run away from suffering. By our suffering we may expiate our sins; we may train ourselves to endure; we may learn compassion for others who suffer; we may even offer our own pain as a sacrifice on others' behalf. By suicide we gain nothing.

I think that that probably is the right response. That said, I want to suggest that it is worth taking a moment-- just a moment-- and entering into Seneca's ideas on their own terms. Part of the point of reading these Old Things is that they are a repository of wisdom that we may need in these times. But the other point is less about the content of the Old Things than about their context. Whether it's Seneca or Aristotle, Louis de Montfort or Eliphas Levi, the authors that I post here all lived in different times, different places, and different cultures from ourselves. The result is that they were able to think thoughts that are unavailable to us on a day to day basis. If there is one thing that we as a culture desperately need, it's the ability to think other thoughts than those to which we have become habituated.

Do we need thoughts of suicide? Maybe not, but the very extremity of those thoughts may be work to jar something loose in our minds and open unexpected doors, when an easier thought could not have done so.

And so I repeat the suggestion: Take a moment and enter into Seneca's way of thinking. The way out lies open, and you can take it at any time. Don't fear what comes so quickly.

Let's begin to wrap up the treck through Seneca's De Providentia with an unfamiliar idea:

 'Yet,' you say [that is, you say to God], 'many sorrows, things dreadful and hard to bear, do befall us.'

"Yes, because I could not withdraw you from their path, I have armed your minds to withstand them all; endure with fortitude."

In this you may outstrip God; he is exempt from enduring evil, while you are superior to it.
 
I would be very surprised if the majority of the people reading this blog were Christians. Most of the works I quote are pagan in one sense or another, and many of you probably found your way here via John Michael Greer. 

I'd like to suggest that, in this passage from Seneca, we see Christianity's great strength-- and also one of its great weaknesses, at least in its popular form.

The weakness first. Contemporary Christians, at least here in the US, tend to think of God as an all-powerful puppet master, pulling everyone's strings all the time. The far richer and more diverse world of pre-modern Christianity, peopled with angels and demons, saints and spirits, of every sort, is either forgotten, or downplayed-- or deliberately denied. 

The result of this denial is a monstrous absurdity. God becomes the author not only of every good in our lives, but every evil as well-- an omnipotent monster, like a child crushing ants and setting his toys on fire.

It is far wiser, in my view, to take something more like the view that Seneca shares elsewhere in this essay. As he writes, "Although the great creator and ruler of the universe himself wrote the decrees of Fate, yet he follows them." God himself is bound by fate. Or-- and this seems to me to be best of all-- God has essentially emptied himself into his creation. The result of this is that the answer to the question, "Can God make a stone so heavy even he can't lift it?" is "Yes. You are that stone." You-- or rather, your will, and the will of every other conscious being, the spiritual hierarchies of angels and demons; gods, demigods, saints and spirts very much included. 

All that said, this passage does, as I said, highlight what I consider to be Christianity's central virtue.

For the Christian, it is not true that God is exempt from evil. Instead, God has descended into existence to suffer the worst sort of evil, enduring betrayal, abandonment, pain, humiliation, and, finally, death. 

Now, this story, too, can be turned into something awful, by regarding it as a blood sacrifice, or a ransom payment. This has been what you might call "the majority view" in Catholicism and many Protestant traditions. 

There is an alternative point of view, however. Drawing on the work of the medieval Franciscan theologian John Duns Scotus, radical Franciscan priest Richard Rohr describes it this way:

Jesus did not come to change the mind of God about humanity (it did not need changing)! Jesus came to change the mind of humanity about God.

On this view God, though exempt from suffering, suffers anyway, as a final blood sacrifice to end the time of blood sacrifice.

I'm not trying to convince you to become Christians. I consider interfering in people's religious lives to be roughly on a level with interfering in their marriages, and for the same reason. My own Christianity is about as far from orthodox as one gets; "Iamblichean Catholicism" is a term I've been using for it lately. Still, this seems to me to be the very best case one can make for the worship of the divine through the person of Jesus Christ: Though divine and exempt from evil, he descends into the world of mankind, to suffer the worst we can suffer.

 What have you to share with us today, O Seneca?

"But why," you ask, does God sometimes allow evil to befall good men? Assuredly he does not. Evil of every sort he keeps far from them - sin and crime, evil counsel and schemes for greed, blind lust and avarice intent upon another's goods. The good man himself he protects and delivers: does any one require of God that he should also guard the good man's luggage? Nay, the good man himself relieves God of this concern; he despises externals.

"Why do bad things happen to good people?" we ask.

"They don't," Seneca replies. 

What is evil? "Sin and crime," "evil council and schemes for greed," "blind lust and avarice." Notice that all of these are things which are in our power to choose. By divine aid-- grace is the usual term-- we refuse evil things and become good. What does it matter in what condition are external things? They were never ours to begin with. 

More Seneca, of course:

In no better way can God discredit what we covet than by bestowing those things on the basest men while withholding them from the best.

"But," you say, "it is unjust that a good man be broken in health or transfixed or fettered, while the wicked are pampered and stalk at large with whole skins."

What then? Is it not unjust that brave men should take up arms, and stay all night in camp, and stand with bandaged wounds before the rampart, while perverts and professional profligates rest secure within the city? What then? Is it not unjust that the noblest maidens should be aroused from sleep to perform sacrifices at night, while others stained with sin enjoy soundest slumber? Toil summons the best men. 


All of this is just so different from the pablum that one hears from even the best of priests and pastors these days. 
 The main focus of this blog is going to be Seneca's On Providence until I make my way through the whole thing. Every sentence is gold.

Flee luxury, flee enfeebling good fortune, from which men's minds grow sodden, and if nothing intervenes to remind them of the common lot, they sink, as it were, into the stupor of unending drunkenness. The man who has always had glazed windows to shield him from a drought, whose feet have been kept warm by hot applications renewed from time to time, whose dining- halls have been tempered by hot air passing beneath the floor and circulating round the walls, - this man will run great risk if he is brushed by a gentle breeze. While all excesses are hurtful, the most dangerous is unlimited good fortune.
 
I really think that this is the condition in which we find ourselves these days. Today on my Facebook account, a picture came up that I took on this day 3 years ago. I was living in California, and the largest wildfire in the state's history had just broken out. Over the next few months it would burn 280,000 acres. Then when the winter rains finally put it out, they caused a series of enormous mudslides which killed another 20 people in the hills near Santa Barbara. 

The debate then and now is-- Did this happen because of global warming or because we don't cut down enough trees? 

The answer, of course, depends upon whether you voted for Donald Trump or Joe Biden. 

Well, again, that was 3 years ago. Not that long, really. And now we're in the middle of a pandemic which has-- supposedly-- caused an excess of 200-300,000 American deaths. Whose fault is it, and what can be done about it? Again, the answer depends upon whether you voted for Donald Trump or Joe Biden.

Maybe we're all wrong, though. Maybe the Thomas Fire happened because these things happen. And the Coronavirus is happening because these things happen. 

Maybe the reason we're so shocked by it all, and so desperate to find some cause, someone we can pin it on, and something that can make it stop is because we've just been through about 80 years of unprecedented good fortune-- an era of peace and prosperity unprecedented in human history. 

Maybe we've all been enfeebled by all of this good fortune, and sunk, as it were, into a stupor of drunkenness-- from which the gods are now, slowly, painfully, awakening us.
 More from Seneca.

Justly may those be termed unhappy who are dulled by an excess of good fortune, who rest, as it were, in dead calm upon a quiet sea; whatever happens will come to them as a change. Cruel fortune bears hardest upon the inexperienced; to the tender neck the yoke is heavy. The raw recruit turns pale at the thought of a wound, but the veteran looks undaunted upon his own gore, knowing that blood has often been the price of his victory. In like manner God hardens, reviews, and disciplines those whom he approves, whom he loves. Those, however, whom he seems to favour, whom he seems to spare, he is really keeping soft against ills to come. For you are wrong if you suppose that any one is exempt from ill. Even the man who has prospered long will have his share some day; whoever seems to have been released has only been reprieved.
 
I fear that I may be tempting Fate by posting these. If so... sobeit. Regarding this passage, here is the key: No one is exempt from hardship. The only question is how we bear it. And the only way to learn to bear suffering, is to suffer.
More Seneca, because we all need this right now.

God, I say, is showing favour to those whom he wills shall achieve the highest possible virtue whenever he gives them the means of doing a courageous and brave deed, and to this end they must encounter some difficulty in life. You learn to know a pilot in a storm, a soldier in the battle-line. How can I know with what spirit you will face poverty, if you wallow in wealth? How can I know with what firmness you will face disgrace, ill fame, and public hatred, if you attain to old age amidst rounds of applause, - if a popularity attends you that is irresistible, and flows to you from a certain leaning of men's minds? How do I know with what equanimity you would bear the loss of children, if you see around you all that you have fathered? I have heard you offering consolation to others. If you had been offering it to yourself, if you had been telling yourself not to grieve, then I might have seen your true character. Do not, I beg of you, shrink in fear from those things which the immortal gods apply like spurs, as it were, to, our souls. Disaster is Virtue's opportunity.
Let's continue with Seneca's On Providence:


Among the many fine sayings of one friend Demetrius there is this one, which I have just heard; it still rings in my ears. "No man," said he, " seems to me more unhappy than one who has never met with adversity." For such a man has never had an opportunity to test himself. Though all things have flowed to him according to his prayer, though even before his prayer, nevertheless the gods have passed an adverse judgement upon him. He was deemed unworthy ever to gain the victory over Fortune, who draws back from all cowards, as if she said, "Why should I choose that fellow as my adversary? He will straightway drop his weapons; against him I have no need of all my power - he will be routed by a paltry threat; he cannot bear even the sight of my face. Let me look around for another with whom to join in combat. I am ashamed to meet a man who is ready to be beaten."


I don't want to belabor this point, but I'll say only this: I've faced many hard things in this lifetime, including violence and death. I know others who have faced similar things-- often they're combat veterans, recovering alcoholics or drug addicts, or both. I find that such people have an appreciation for the goods of life that people who have never suffered simply cannot have, and that they also have an ability to remain unperturbed in the face of adversity.  

I don't love suffering and I don't wish for any more in this lifetime. I give thanks to God for the moments of peace I have been afforded, for my teachers, my family, and all the blessings which Providence has granted me. But suffering comes, nevertheless, and my prayer is that I will always be ready to face it as a brave man, ready to face down whatever Fortune has to bring to me. 
Today, a passage from Seneca's work On Providence--

No evil can befall a good man; opposites do not mingle. Just as the countless rivers, the vast fall of rain from the sky, and the huge volume of mineral springs do not change the taste of the sea, do not even modify it, so the assaults of adversity do not weaken the spirit of a brave man. It always maintains its poise, and it gives its own colour to everything that happens; for it is mightier than all external things. And yet I do not mean to say that the brave man is insensible to these, but that he overcomes them, and being in all else unmoved and calm rises to meet whatever assails him. All his adversities he counts mere training. Who, moreover, if he is a man and intent upon the right, is not eager for reasonable toil and ready for duties accompanied by danger? To what energetic man is not idleness a punishment?

Wrestlers, who make strength of body their chief concern, we see pitting themselves against none but the strongest, and they require of those who are preparing them for the arena that they use against them all their strength; they submit to blows and hurts, and if they do not find their match in single opponents, they engage with several at a time. Without an adversary, prowess shrivels.
These are words to remember in hard times. If we follow Plato, we had at least some role in choosing to be born in this place, at this time-- or else it was chosen for us by guardians who are wiser than we. 

I was born in the early '80s. That makes me either a very young member of Generation X or a very old Millennial, depending upon which timeline you follow. I like the term X-ennial, referring to those of us who straddle the generational cusp. We were born into the world prior to the rise of the Devices, but we came of age with them. We were also born into a world in which the country was at peace and its power unquestioned-- but we came of age with the global wars and the rise of the surveillance state. Now we're entering a new era in which all of the trends of the preceding two decades are converging upon a kind of bizarre medicalized totalitarianism, with a creepy racial undercurrent. To put it bluntly, it sucks.

Earlier in the same passage, Seneca says that "God does not make a spoiled pet of a good man; he tests him, hardens him, and fits him for his own service." If the times are hard-- and they are-- let us be willing to say so, but let us also give thanks for the opportunity to become stronger, and wiser, than we were.

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